BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre

West Hanningfield Road Great Baddow, Chelmsford United Kingdom +44 1245 242194 chris.dearlove@baesystems.com http://www.baesystems.com/

LIX, Ecole Polytechnique

+33 6 6058 9349 T.Clausen@computer.org http://www.ThomasClausen.org/

Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET) MANET NHDP OLSRv2 link quality The link quality mechanism of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) enables "ignoring" some 1-hop neighbors if the measured link quality from that 1-hop neighbor is below an acceptable threshold while still retaining the corresponding link information as acquired from the HELLO message exchange. This allows immediate reinstatement of the 1-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently. NHDP also collects information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors. However, it specifies that if a link from a symmetric 1-hop neighbor ceases being symmetric, including while "ignored" (as described above), then corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbors are removed. This may lead to symmetric 2-hop neighborhood information being permanently removed (until further HELLO messages are received) if the link quality of a symmetric 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold, even if only for a moment. This specification updates RFC 6130 "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)" and RFC 7181 "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)" to permit, as an option, retaining, but ignoring, symmetric 2-hop information when the link quality from the corresponding 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold. This allows immediate reinstatement of the symmetric 2-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently, thus making the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood more "robust".

Section 14 of the MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) contains a link admission mechanism known as "link quality" that allows a router using that protocol to "take considerations other than message exchange into account for determining when a link is and is not a candidate for being considered as HEARD or SYMMETRIC." Specifically, permits a router to disallow consideration of some of its 1-hop neighbors for as long as the quality of the link from that 1-hop neighbor is below an acceptable link quality threshold. A feature of this mechanism is that while the link quality remains too low, the link information, established by the exchange of HELLO messages, is retained. Thus, if the link quality later goes above the required threshold (note that a hysteresis mechanism means that two thresholds are used), then the link is immediately established and will be immediately available for use. collects not only 1-hop neighbor information, but also information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors. However, specifies that if a 1-hop neighbor was, but no longer is, considered symmetric, then the corresponding 2-Hop Tuples that may have been recorded for that 2-hop neighbor are to be removed without a retention mechanism for a (possibly temporary) loss due to link quality. This means that if there is a short period in which link quality is too low, then when the link quality is re-established all 1-hop neighbor information is immediately available for use again. However, the corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbor information has been removed and is not available for use until restored by receipt of the next corresponding HELLO message. This specification describes how can be modified to avoid this situation by retaining (but not using) 2-hop information, similar to what is done with 1-hop information. This modification is strictly optional, and routers that do and do not implement it can interwork entirely successfully (as they also can with different link quality specifications). In addition, by a suitable interpretation (that ignored 2-Hop Tuples are not externally advertised), this change can be invisible to any other protocols using , in particular . However, the impact on when 2-Hop Tuples are not so handled is also described (owing to the existence of implementations of that protocol that are not modularly separated from ). This specification therefore updates and . This update to does not change the definition of a symmetric 2-hop neighbor but adds new state information to each 2-Hop Tuple of . This is to retain some 2-hop neighbor information while recording it as currently not to be used. The new state information and retained 2-Hop Tuples are reflected in the corresponding tables of the updated NHDP-MIB module .

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in . Additionally, this document uses the terminology of and .

This specification updates . The optimization presented in this specification is simply permissive, as it allows retaining information that otherwise would have been removed but does not use that information except when it could have been used by . This can, in some cases, ensure that the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood is more robust against temporary link quality changes and consequently yields a more stable network. The only other consequence of this optimization is that state for some otherwise expired 2-Hop Tuples may be maintained for longer. This specification also updates . This could have been avoided had instead been updated so as to make the changes to it invisible to any other protocol using it. However, as it is known that some implementations of are not independent of the implementation of that they use, it is useful to indicate the direct impact on . A router that implements the optimization described in this specification will interoperate successfully with routers that implement but do not implement this optimization.

The following changes are made to if using this specification. Note that while this specification is OPTIONAL, if any of these changes are made, then all of these changes MUST be made.

The 2-Hop Set is modified by adding this additional element to each 2-Hop Tuple: N2_lost is a boolean flag, which indicates the state of the corresponding Link Tuple. If L_status = SYMMETRIC (and thus L_lost = false), then N2_lost = false. If L_SYM_time has not expired, and L_lost = true (and hence L_status = LOST), then N2_lost = true. In all other cases, including other cases with L_status = LOST, there will be no such 2-Hop Tuples.

In Section 12.6 of , make the following changes: In point 2, change "L_status = SYMMETRIC" to "L_SYM_time not expired". In point 2, point 1, point 1, under "then create a 2-Hop Tuple with:", add a second bullet point "N2_lost: = L_lost". (Note that "2-Hop Neighbor Tuple" has been corrected here to "2-Hop Tuple" per .)

In Section 13, replace the second bullet point with: A Link Tuple's L_status changes from SYMMETRIC, L_SYM_time expires, or the Link Tuple is removed. In this case, the actions specified in Section 13.2 are performed. Replace the paragraph after the bullet points with: If a Link Tuple is removed, or if L_HEARD_time expires and either L_status changes from SYMMETRIC or L_SYM_time expires, then the actions specified in Section 13.2 MUST be performed before the actions specified in Section 13.3 are performed for that Link Tuple. In Section 13.2 of , add the following before all other text: For each Link Tuple that has L_SYM_time not expired: If L_SYM_time then expires, or if the Link Tuple is removed: Remove each 2-Hop Tuple for the same MANET interface with: N2_neighbor_iface_addr_list contains one or more network addresses in L_neighbor_iface_addr_list. If L_status then changes from SYMMETRIC to LOST because L_lost is set to true: For each 2-Hop Tuple for the same MANET interface with: N2_neighbor_iface_addr_list contains one or more network addresses in L_neighbor_iface_addr_list; set N2_lost := true. Also, in Section 13.2 of , remove point 1 and renumber point 2 as point 1.

In Appendix B of , under "In each 2-Hop Tuple:", change the first bullet point to: There MUST be a Link Tuple associated with the same MANET interface with: L_neighbor_iface_addr_list = N2_neighbor_iface_addr_list; AND L_SYM_time not expired; AND L_lost = N2_lost.

If the implementation of conceals from any protocol using it the existence of all 2-Hop Tuples with N2_lost = true, then no changes are required to any protocol using ; in particular, no changes are required to . However, if instead the implementation of makes all 2-Hop Tuples visible, including those with N2_lost = true, then protocols using MUST ignore such 2-Hop Tuples. For , given that this protocol uses 2-hop information for Multipoint Relay (MPR) Set and Routing Set calculation but does not include that information in control traffic, this means that an implementation must be behaving (i) as if a 2-Hop Tuple only exists if N2_lost=false and (ii) as if a change of N2_lost (from false to true, or true to false) corresponds to a 2-Hop Tuple appearing or being removed. Specifically, this means behaving as if all of the following changes were to be made to : In Section 17.6 of , point 1, replace the final two bullet points with: A 2-Hop Tuple with N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC and N2_lost = false is added or removed; OR A 2-Hop Tuple with N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC has N2_lost changed; OR The N2_out_metric of any 2-Hop Tuple with N2_lost = false changes, and either the flooding MPR selection process uses metric values (see Section 18.4), or the change is to or from UNKNOWN_METRIC. In Section 17.6 of , point 3, replace the final two bullet points with: A 2-Hop Tuple with N2_in_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC and N2_lost = false is added or removed; OR A 2-Hop Tuple with N2_in_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC has N2_lost changed; OR The N2_in_metric of any 2-Hop Tuple with N2_lost = false changes. In Section 17.7 of , in the fifth bullet point, add "and N2_lost = false" after "N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC". In Section 18.4 of , in the third bullet point, add ", N2_lost = false" after "N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC". In Section 18.5 of , in the third bullet point, add ", N2_lost = false" after "N2_in_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC". In Section 19.1 of , in the final main bullet point (marked as "(OPTIONAL)"), add "and N2_lost = false" after "N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC". In Appendix C.7 of , in point 1, add "and N2_lost = false" after "N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC".

The update to enables the retention and reuse of some information collected by that protocol, for only the duration that it could have been used in any case. As such, this protocol introduces no new security considerations to an implementation of or of any other protocol that uses it, such as .

Harvard University Ecole Polytechnique, France Naval Research Laboratory, USA BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre, UK Ecole Polytechnique, France RFC Errata

The authors would like to thank Liz Cullen (BAE Systems) for first illustrating the issue addressed in this specification.