]> Ericsson

Hirsalantie 11 02420 Jorvas Finland christer.holmberg@ericsson.com

Ericsson

Sokolovska 79 18600 Praha Czech Republic ivo.sedlacek@ericsson.com

Cisco Systems, Inc.

7200-12 Kit Creek Road Research Triangle Park NC 27709 US gsalguei@cisco.com

Transport MMUSIC Working Group SDP SIP DTLS UDPTL fax transport This document specifies how the UDP Transport Layer (UDPTL) protocol, the predominant transport protocol for T.38 fax, can be transported over the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol, how the usage of UDPTL over DTLS is indicated in the Session Description Protocol (SDP), and how UDPTL over DTLS is negotiated in a session established using the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).

While it is possible to transmit highly sensitive documents using traditional telephony encryption devices, secure fax on the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) was never widely considered or prioritized. This was mainly because of the challenges involved with malevolent physical access to telephony equipment. As real-time communications transition to IP networks, where information might potentially be intercepted or spoofed, an appropriate level of security for fax that offers integrity and confidentiality protection is vital. The overwhelmingly predominant fax transport protocol is UDPTL-based, as described in Section 9.1 of . The protocol stack for fax transport using UDPTL is shown in .

The following mechanisms are available for securing fax: Annex H of specifies an application-layer integrity and confidentiality protection of fax that is independent of the transport protocol and is based on the RSA algorithm for use with the T.30 telephony protocol by Group 3 facsimile equipment (G3FE). specifies fax transport over RTP/SAVP, which enables integrity and confidentiality protection of fax in IP networks. Both of these mechanisms have been available for many years and never gained any significant adoption in the market. This has prompted an effort to develop an approach, based on open standards, for securing fax communications over an IP-based transport. Telephony-based protocols like T.30 offer application-level security options like the RSA-based approach detailed in Annex H of the T.30 specification . The problem is that it is very sparingly implemented and not enforced at the transport level. It is worth noting that while T.38 over RTP offers a very viable option for such standards-based IP security solution using Secure Realtime Transport Protocol (SRTP), this fax-over-IP transport never gained any traction in the marketplace and accounts for a negligible percentage of fax-over-IP implementations. Thus, security mechanisms offering integrity and confidentiality protection should be limited to UDPTL-based fax transport, which is the only broad-based fax-over-IP solution. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) launched a study on how best to provide secure fax in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for UDPTL. Results of the study confirmed that this security was best achieved by using UDPTL over DTLS. This document specifies fax transport using UDPTL over DTLS , which enables integrity and confidentiality protection of fax in IP networks. The protocol stack that enhances fax transport to offer integrity and confidentiality using UDPTL over DTLS is shown in .

The primary motivations for the mechanism in this document are: The design of DTLS is clearly defined and well understood, and implementations are widely available. No DTLS extensions are required in order to enable UDPTL transport over DTLS. Fax transport using UDPTL over DTLS only requires insertion of the DTLS layer between the UDPTL layer and the UDP layer, as shown in . The UDPTL layer and the layers above the UDPTL layer require no modifications. UDPTL is by far the most widely deployed fax transport protocol in IP networks. 3GPP and the IP fax community need a mechanism to transport UDPTL over DTLS in order to provide secure fax in SIP-based networks (including IMS). This document specifies the transport of UDPTL over DTLS using the DTLS record layer "application_data" packets . Since the DTLS record layer "application_data" packet does not indicate whether it carries UDPTL or some other protocol, the usage of a dedicated DTLS association for transport of UDPTL needs to be negotiated, e.g., using the Session Description Protocol (SDP) and the SDP offer/answer mechanism . Therefore, this document specifies a new <proto> value for the SDP media description ("m=" line) , in order to indicate UDPTL over DTLS in SDP messages .

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 . DTLS uses the term "session" to refer to a long-lived set of keying material that spans DTLS associations. In this document, in order to be consistent with SIP/SDP usage of "session" terminology, we use "session" to refer to a multimedia session and use the term "DTLS session" to refer to the DTLS construct. We use the term "DTLS association" to refer to a particular DTLS cipher suite and keying material set that is associated with a single host/port quartet. The same DTLS session can be used to establish the keying material for multiple DTLS associations. For consistency with other SIP/SDP usage, we use the term "connection" when what's being referred to is a multimedia stream that is not specifically DTLS.

The UDPTL-over-DTLS media stream is negotiated using the SDP offer/answer mechanism . See for more details. DTLS is used as specified in . Once the DTLS handshake is successfully completed (in order to prevent facsimile data from being transmitted insecurely), the UDPTL packets MUST be transported in DTLS record layer "application_data" packets.

An endpoint (i.e., both the offerer and the answerer) MUST create an SDP media description ("m=" line) for each UDPTL-over-DTLS media stream and MUST assign a UDP/TLS/UDPTL value (see ) to the "proto" field of the "m=" line. The procedures in this section apply to an "m=" line associated with a UDPTL-over-DTLS media stream. In order to negotiate a UDPTL-over-DTLS media stream, the following SDP attributes are used: The SDP attributes defined for UDPTL over UDP, as described in ; and The SDP attributes, defined in and , as described in this section. The endpoint MUST NOT use the SDP "connection" attribute . In order to negotiate the TLS roles for the UDPTL-over-DTLS transport connection, the endpoint MUST use the SDP "setup" attribute . If the endpoint supports, and is willing to use, a cipher suite with an associated certificate, the endpoint MUST include an SDP "fingerprint" attribute . The endpoint MUST support SHA-256 for generating and verifying the SDP "fingerprint" attribute value. The use of SHA-256 is preferred. UDPTL over DTLS, at a minimum, MUST support TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 and MUST support TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256. UDPTL over DTLS MUST prefer TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 and any other Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) cipher suites over non-PFS cipher suites. Implementations SHOULD disable TLS-level compression. If a cipher suite with an associated certificate is selected during the DTLS handshake, the certificate received during the DTLS handshake MUST match the fingerprint received in the SDP "fingerprint" attribute. If the fingerprint does not match the hashed certificate, then the endpoint MUST tear down the media session immediately. Note that it is permissible to wait until the other side's fingerprint has been received before establishing the connection; however, this may have undesirable latency effects.

The offerer SHOULD assign the SDP "setup" attribute with a value of "actpass", unless the offerer insists on being either the sender or receiver of the DTLS ClientHello message, in which case the offerer can use either a value of "active" (the offerer will be the sender of ClientHello) or "passive" (the offerer will be the receiver of ClientHello). The offerer MUST NOT assign an SDP "setup" attribute with a "holdconn" value. If the offerer assigns the SDP "setup" attribute with a value of "actpass" or "passive", the offerer MUST be prepared to receive a DTLS ClientHello message before it receives the SDP answer.

If the answerer accepts the offered UDPTL-over-DTLS transport connection, in the associated SDP answer, the answerer MUST assign an SDP "setup" attribute with a value of either "active" or "passive", according to the procedures in . The answerer MUST NOT assign an SDP "setup" attribute with a value of "holdconn". If the answerer assigns an SDP "setup" attribute with a value of "active" value, the answerer MUST initiate a DTLS handshake by sending a DTLS ClientHello message on the negotiated media stream, towards the IP address and port of the offerer.

When the offerer receives an SDP answer, if the offerer ends up being active it MUST initiate a DTLS handshake by sending a DTLS ClientHello message on the negotiated media stream, towards the IP address and port of the answerer.

Once an offer/answer exchange has been completed, either endpoint MAY send a new offer in order to modify the session. The endpoints can reuse the existing DTLS association if the key fingerprint values and transport parameters indicated by each endpoint are unchanged. Otherwise, following the rules for the initial offer/answer exchange, the endpoints can negotiate and create a new DTLS association and, once created, delete the previous DTLS association, following the same rules for the initial offer/answer exchange. Each endpoint needs to be prepared to receive data on both the new and old DTLS associations as long as both are alive.

When making anonymous calls, a new self-signed certificate SHOULD be used for each call, and attributes inside the certificate MUST NOT contain information that allows either correlation or identification of the user making anonymous calls. This is particularly important for the "subjectAltName" and "commonName" attributes.

When Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) is being used, the ICE connectivity checks are performed before the DTLS handshake begins. Note that if aggressive nomination mode is used, multiple candidate pairs may be marked valid before ICE finally converges on a single candidate pair. User Agents (UAs) MUST treat all ICE candidate pairs associated with a single component as part of the same DTLS association. Thus, there will be only one DTLS handshake even if there are multiple valid candidate pairs. Note that this may mean adjusting the endpoint IP addresses if the selected candidate pair shifts, just as if the DTLS packets were an ordinary media stream. In the case of an ICE restart, the DTLS handshake procedure is repeated, and a new DTLS association is created. Once the DTLS handshake is completed and the new DTLS association has been created, the previous DTLS association is deleted.

The UA MUST send the Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) packets directly over UDP, not over DTLS. The UA MUST support the following mechanism for demultiplexing packets arriving on the IP address and port associated with the DTLS association: If the value of the first byte of the packet is 0 or 1, then the packet is STUN. If the value of the first byte of the packet is between 20 and 63 (inclusive), the packet is DTLS.

During rekeying, packets protected by the previous set of keys can arrive after the DTLS handshake caused by rekeying has completed, because packets can be reordered on the wire. To compensate for this fact, receivers MUST maintain both sets of keys for some time in order to be able to decrypt and verify older packets. The duration of maintaining the previous set of keys after the finish of the DTLS handshake is out of the scope of this document.

If a user requires fax to be transported securely using UDPTL over DTLS, and if the remote user does not support UDPTL over DTLS, then a fax media stream cannot be established. If a user prefers fax to be transported securely using UDPTL over DTLS but is willing to transport the fax insecurely in case the remote user does not support UDPTL over DTLS, then the SDP Capability Negotiation mechanism can be used to offer both UDPTL over DTLS and UDPTL over UDP. Alternatively, if the remote user rejects an SDP offer for UDPTL over DTLS, a new SDP offer for a UDPTL-over-UDP media stream can be sent.

Fax may be used to transmit a wide range of sensitive data, including personal, corporate, and governmental information. It is therefore critical to be able to protect against threats to the confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data. The mechanism in this document provides integrity and confidentiality protection for fax by specifying fax transport using UDPTL over DTLS . DTLS media stream negotiated using SIP/SDP requires a mechanism to ensure that the certificate received via DTLS was issued by the remote party of the SIP session. The standard DTLS strategy for authenticating the communicating parties is to give the server (and optionally the client) a PKIX certificate. The client then verifies the certificate and checks that the name in the certificate matches the server's domain name. This works because there are a relatively small number of servers and the cost for issuing and deploying PKIX certificates can be justified. Issuing and deploying PKIX certificates to all clients is not realistic in most deployment scenarios. The design described in this document is intended to leverage the integrity protection of the SIP signaling, while not requiring confidentiality. As long as each side of the connection can verify the integrity of the SDP received from the other side, then the DTLS handshake cannot be hijacked via a man-in-the-middle attack. This integrity protection is easily provided by the caller to the callee via the SIP Identity mechanism. Other mechanisms, such as the S/MIME mechanism or perhaps future mechanisms yet to be specified, could also serve this purpose. While this mechanism can still be used without such integrity mechanisms, the security provided is limited to defense against passive attack by intermediaries. An active attack on the signaling plus an active attack on the media plane can allow an attacker to attack the connection (R-SIG-MEDIA in the notation of ).

This document updates the "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters" registry as specified in Section 8.2.2 of . Specifically, the values in have been added to the SDP "proto" field registry. Type SDP Name Reference proto UDP/TLS/UDPTL [RFC7345]

Special thanks to Peter Dawes, who provided comments on the initial draft version of the document, and to Paul E. Jones, James Rafferty, Albrecht Schwarz, Oscar Ohlsson, David Hanes, Adam Gensler, Ari Keranen, Flemming Andreasen, John Mattsson, and Marc Petit-Huguenin, who provided valuable feedback and input. Barry Leiba, Spencer Dawkins, Pete Resnick, Kathleen Moriarty, and Stephen Farrell provided valuable feedback during the IESG review. Thanks to Scott Brim for performing the Gen-ART review. Thanks to Alissa Cooper for her help as sponsoring Area Director.

International Telecommunications Union International Telecommunications Union

Prior to establishing the session, both Alice and Bob generate self-signed certificates that are used for a single session or, more likely, reused for multiple sessions. The SIP signaling from Alice to her proxy is transported over TLS to ensure an integrity-protected channel between Alice and her identity service. Alice's identity service asserts identity of Alice and protects the SIP message, e.g., using SIP Identity. Transport between proxies should also be protected, e.g., by use of TLS. In order to simplify the flow, only one element is shown for Alice's and Bob's proxies. For the sake of brevity and simplicity, only the mandatory SDP T.38 attributes are shown.

shows an example message flow of session establishment for T.38 fax securely transported using UDPTL over DTLS. In this example flow, Alice acts as the passive endpoint of the DTLS association, and Bob acts as the active endpoint of the DTLS association.

| | | | (2) SIP INVITE | | |----------------------->| | | (3) DTLS ClientHello | |<------------------------------------------------| | (4) remaining messages of DTLS handshake | |<----------------------------------------------->| | | | | | | | | (5) SIP 200 OK | | |<-----------------------| | (6) SIP 200 OK | | |<-----------------------| | | (7) SIP ACK | | |------------------------------------------------>| | (8) T.38 message using UDPTL over DTLS | |<----------------------------------------------->| | | | ]]>

Message (1): shows the initial INVITE request sent by Alice to Alice's proxy. The initial INVITE request contains an SDP offer. The "m=" line in the SDP offer indicates T.38 fax using UDPTL over DTLS. The SDP "setup" attribute with a value of "actpass" in the SDP offer indicates that Alice has requested to be either the active or passive endpoint. The SDP "fingerprint" attribute in the SDP offer contains the certificate fingerprint computed from Alice's self-signed certificate.

From: "Alice";tag=843c7b0b Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK-0e53sadfkasldkfj Contact: Call-ID: 6076913b1c39c212@REVMTEpG CSeq: 1 INVITE Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, UPDATE Max-Forwards: 70 Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: xxxx Supported: from-change v=0 o=- 1181923068 1181923196 IN IP4 ua1.example.com s=- c=IN IP4 ua1.example.com t=0 0 m=image 6056 UDP/TLS/UDPTL t38 a=setup:actpass a=fingerprint: SHA-1 \ 4A:AD:B9:B1:3F:82:18:3B:54:02:12:DF:3E:5D:49:6B:19:E5:7C:AB a=T38FaxRateManagement:transferredTCF ]]>

Message (2): shows the SIP INVITE request sent by Bob's proxy to Bob. When received, Bob verifies the identity provided in the SIP INVITE request.

From: "Alice";tag=843c7b0b Via: SIP/2.0/TLS proxy.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK-0e53sadfkasldk Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK-0e53sadfkasldkfj Record-Route: Contact: Call-ID: 6076913b1c39c212@REVMTEpG CSeq: 1 INVITE Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, UPDATE Max-Forwards: 69 Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: xxxx Supported: from-change v=0 o=- 1181923068 1181923196 IN IP4 ua1.example.com s=- c=IN IP4 ua1.example.com t=0 0 m=image 6056 UDP/TLS/UDPTL t38 a=setup:actpass a=fingerprint: SHA-1 \ 4A:AD:B9:B1:3F:82:18:3B:54:02:12:DF:3E:5D:49:6B:19:E5:7C:AB a=T38FaxRateManagement:transferredTCF ]]>

Message (3): Assuming that Alice's identity is valid, Bob sends a DTLS ClientHello directly to Alice. Message (4): Alice and Bob exchange further messages of DTLS handshake (HelloVerifyRequest, ClientHello, ServerHello, Certificate, ServerKeyExchange, CertificateRequest, ServerHelloDone, Certificate, ClientKeyExchange, CertificateVerify, ChangeCipherSpec, and Finished). When Bob receives the certificate of Alice via DTLS, Bob checks whether the certificate fingerprint calculated from Alice's certificate received via DTLS matches the certificate fingerprint received in the a=fingerprint SDP attribute of . In this message flow, the check is successful; thus, session setup continues. Note that, unlike in this example, it is not necessary to wait for the DTLS handshake to finish before the SDP answer is sent. If Bob has sent the SIP 200 (OK) response and later detects that the certificate fingerprints do not match, he will terminate the session. Message (5): shows a SIP 200 (OK) response to the initial SIP INVITE request, sent by Bob to Bob's proxy. The SIP 200 (OK) response contains an SDP answer. The "m=" line in the SDP answer indicates T.38 fax using UDPTL over DTLS. The SDP "setup" attribute with a value of "active" in the SDP answer indicates that Bob has requested to be the active endpoint. The SDP "fingerprint" attribute in the SDP answer contains the certificate fingerprint computed from Bob's self-signed certificate.

;tag=6418913922105372816 From: "Alice" ;tag=843c7b0b Via: SIP/2.0/TLS proxy.example.com:5061;branch=z9hG4bK-0e53sadfkasldk Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK-0e53sadfkasldkfj Record-Route: Call-ID: 6076913b1c39c212@REVMTEpG CSeq: 1 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: xxxx Supported: from-change v=0 o=- 8965454521 2105372818 IN IP4 ua2.example.com s=- c=IN IP4 ua2.example.com t=0 0 m=image 12000 UDP/TLS/UDPTL t38 a=setup:active a=fingerprint: SHA-1 \ FF:FF:FF:B1:3F:82:18:3B:54:02:12:DF:3E:5D:49:6B:19:E5:7C:AB a=T38FaxRateManagement:transferredTCF ]]>

Message (6): shows a SIP 200 (OK) response to the initial SIP INVITE request, sent by Alice's proxy to Alice. Alice checks if the certificate fingerprint calculated from the Bob's certificate received via DTLS is the same as the certificate fingerprint received in the a=fingerprint SDP attribute of . In this message flow, the check is successful; thus, the session setup continues.

;tag=6418913922105372816 From: "Alice" ;tag=843c7b0b Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK-0e53sadfkasldkfj Record-Route: Call-ID: 6076913b1c39c212@REVMTEpG CSeq: 1 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: xxxx Supported: from-change v=0 o=- 8965454521 2105372818 IN IP4 ua2.example.com s=- c=IN IP4 ua2.example.com t=0 0 m=image 12000 UDP/TLS/UDPTL t38 a=setup:active a=fingerprint: SHA-1 \ FF:FF:FF:B1:3F:82:18:3B:54:02:12:DF:3E:5D:49:6B:19:E5:7C:AB a=T38FaxRateManagement:transferredTCF ]]>

Message (7): Alice sends the SIP ACK request to Bob. Message (8): At this point, Bob and Alice can exchange T.38 fax securely transported using UDPTL over DTLS.

Traditionally, most sessions with non-secure transport of T.38 fax, transported using UDPTL, are established by modifying an ongoing audio session into a fax session. shows an example message flow of modifying an existing audio session into a session with T.38 fax securely transported using UDPTL over DTLS. In this example flow, Alice acts as the passive endpoint of the DTLS association, and Bob acts as the active endpoint of the DTLS association.

| | | | | (2) SIP re-INVITE | | |------------------------------------------------>| | | (3) DTLS ClientHello | |<------------------------------------------------| | (4) remaining messages of DTLS handshake | |<----------------------------------------------->| | | | | | | | | (5) SIP 200 OK | |<------------------------------------------------| | (6) SIP ACK | | |------------------------------------------------>| | (7) T.38 message using UDPTL over DTLS | |<----------------------------------------------->| | | | ]]>

Message (1): Session establishment of audio-only session. The proxies decide not to record-route. Message (2): Alice sends SIP re-INVITE request. The SDP offer included in the SIP re-INVITE request is shown in . The first "m=" line in the SDP offer indicates audio media stream being removed. The second "m=" line in the SDP offer indicates T.38 fax using UDPTL over DTLS being added. The SDP "setup" attribute with a value of "actpass" in the SDP offer indicates that Alice has requested to be either the active or passive endpoint. The SDP "fingerprint" attribute in the SDP offer contains the certificate fingerprint computed from Alice's self-signed certificate.

Message (3): Bob sends a DTLS ClientHello directly to Alice. Message (4): Alice and Bob exchange further messages of DTLS handshake (HelloVerifyRequest, ClientHello, ServerHello, Certificate, ServerKeyExchange, CertificateRequest, ServerHelloDone, Certificate, ClientKeyExchange, CertificateVerify, ChangeCipherSpec, and Finished). When Bob receives the certificate of Alice via DTLS, Bob checks whether the certificate fingerprint calculated from Alice's certificate received via DTLS matches the certificate fingerprint received in the SDP "fingerprint" attribute of . In this message flow, the check is successful; thus, session setup continues. Message (5): Bob sends a SIP 200 (OK) response to the SIP re-INVITE request. The SIP 200 (OK) response contains an SDP answer shown in . The first "m=" line in the SDP offer indicates audio media stream being removed. The second "m=" line in the SDP answer indicates T.38 fax using UDPTL over DTLS being added. The SDP "setup" attribute with a value of "active" in the SDP answer indicates that Bob has requested to be the active endpoint. The SDP "fingerprint" attribute in the SDP answer contains the certificate fingerprint computed from Bob's self-signed certificate.

Message (6): Alice sends the SIP ACK request to Bob. Message (7): At this point, Bob and Alice can exchange T.38 fax securely transported using UDPTL over DTLS.